Gastroenterology and digestive system

Gastro-oesophageal reflux, or GORD, is a condition in which acidic stomach contents back up into the oesophagus, causing irritation and symptoms such as burning or pain in the chest, also known as heartburn. If left untreated, it can damage the oesophagus over time and lead to complications such as Barrett's oesophagus.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that affects the normal functioning of the bowel, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, gas, bloating, diarrhoea or constipation. Although it does not cause permanent damage or complications, it can be very irritating on a day-to-day basis and affect quality of life.

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach, which can be caused by infections, medications or excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and sometimes gastrointestinal bleeding.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that can infect the stomach and cause gastritis or peptic ulcers. The infection is treated with antibiotics and medicines to reduce stomach acid. In the long term, it can increase the risk of gastric cancer if not treated properly.

Polyps are abnormal growths of cells in the wall of the colon, some of which can become cancerous over time. Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the colon or rectum and most of it comes from a polyp that has degenerated over time. Early detection through tests such as colonoscopy can prevent cancer from developing.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two main conditions: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Both cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, resulting in symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss. They are chronic diseases, and the goal of treatment is to keep them well controlled to avoid complications and maintain a good quality of life.

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. This reaction damages the small intestine, causing digestive symptoms and other health problems that can be more serious. Treatment involves a strict gluten-free diet.

Food intolerances occur when the body has difficulty digesting certain foods. The most common include lactose, fructose or sorbitol intolerance. Symptoms may include bloating, gas, diarrhoea or abdominal pain, and treatment usually involves avoiding the foods that cause reactions.

Digestive ulcers are open sores that develop in the stomach or duodenum, usually caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Symptoms include burning pain in the abdomen or digestive bleeding. Diagnosis and treatment usually require gastroscopy, medication and dietary changes.

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by viral infections (such as hepatitis A, B or C), excessive alcohol consumption or other toxic substances. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue and abdominal pain. Treatment depends on the type and severity of hepatitis.

It occurs when there is an excess of bacteria in the small intestine. This can lead to symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhoea, malabsorption of nutrients and abdominal pain. SIBO can be caused by various conditions that affect the motility of the gut or the balance of bacteria. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, probiotics and dietary changes to control bacterial growth and improve digestive health.

• Functional disorders are problems that affect the functioning of the digestive system without evidence of organic disease. Diarrhoea and constipation are common examples. They may be caused by stress, diet or other factors. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and lifestyle adjustment.